词源与由来: The word 'jeopardy' comes from Old French 'jeu parti' meaning 'a divided game' or 'an even chance,' originally a chess term. It evolved to mean danger or risk of conviction at trial.
Double jeopardy claims typically arise through pretrial motions to dismiss. The Blockburger test determines whether two offenses are the "same offense" for double jeopardy purposes: if each offense requires proof of an element that the other does not, they are distinct offenses and successive prosecutions are permitted. The "dual sovereignty" doctrine allows both federal and state governments to prosecute the same conduct without violating double jeopardy because they are separate sovereigns. A mistrial declared over the defendant's objection without "manifest necessity" may bar retrial on double jeopardy grounds. However, a mistrial granted at the defendant's request or with the defendant's consent generally does not bar retrial.
Defense Attorney: "Your Honor, we move to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds. My client was acquitted of these same charges in state court, and the federal indictment charges the identical conduct under the same elements."
Judge: "The motion is denied. Under the dual sovereignty doctrine, the federal government is a separate sovereign from the state and may prosecute even after a state acquittal, as established in Gamble v. United States."
Defense Attorney: "Your Honor, jeopardy attached when the jury was sworn last week. The court declared a mistrial over our express objection without manifest necessity. We move to bar retrial."
Students often believe that the dual sovereignty doctrine has been overturned. Despite criticism, the Supreme Court reaffirmed it in Gamble v. United States (2019). Additionally, students sometimes think double jeopardy bars all retrials after a mistrial, but it only bars retrial when the mistrial was declared without manifest necessity and over the defendant's objection.
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)
Established the "same elements" test: two offenses are the "same offense" for double jeopardy purposes only if each requires proof of an element that the other does not.
Gamble v. United States, 587 U.S. 678 (2019)
Reaffirmed the separate sovereigns doctrine, holding that successive prosecutions by federal and state governments for the same conduct do not violate double jeopardy.
Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 (1970)
Held that collateral estoppel (issue preclusion) is embodied in the Double Jeopardy Clause, preventing re-litigation of facts necessarily decided in a prior acquittal.
What is double jeopardy?
Double jeopardy is the constitutional protection under the Fifth Amendment that prevents a person from being tried or punished twice for the same offense. It applies once jeopardy "attaches" — in jury trials when the jury is empaneled and sworn, and in bench trials when the first witness is sworn. It protects against a second prosecution after acquittal, a second prosecution after conviction, and multiple punishments for the same offense.
Does double jeopardy apply to mistrials?
It depends on the circumstances. If a mistrial is declared at the defendant's request or with the defendant's consent, retrial is generally permitted. If the judge declares a mistrial over the defendant's objection, retrial is allowed only if there was "manifest necessity" for the mistrial (such as a hung jury). Prosecutorial misconduct intended to provoke a mistrial may bar retrial.
Can federal and state governments both prosecute for the same act?
Yes, under the "separate sovereigns" doctrine, the Double Jeopardy Clause does not bar successive prosecutions by different sovereigns (federal and state governments) for the same conduct. The Supreme Court reaffirmed this principle in Gamble v. United States (2019). Each sovereign has independent authority to define and prosecute criminal offenses.
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